Linked-topic questions

Questions that cross topics

Notes
  • Carry units and signs through: ΔH in kJ mol⁻¹ with its sign, ΔS in J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, and convert before combining them.
  • Use data given in the question, such as electrode potentials or bond enthalpies, even when you remember different values.
  • For 'explain' parts, name the bonding or the particles involved: most marks are for the reason, not the observation.

Read the whole question first and name the topic behind each part: a temperature rise is calorimetry, a colour change is often a transition-metal or redox question, a spectrum is analysis. Then answer each part with that topic's standard method.

The same reaction can be asked about from every angle. For an esterification, expect Kc, yield, the mechanism type, the effect of a catalyst and the evidence from infrared or NMR that the product formed.